A sand dune is a small ridge or hill of sand found at the top of a beach, above the reach of the waves.

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Gabions are coastal defences that consist of rocks and boulders encased in a wired mesh. They absorb the energy from waves.

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Beaches beyond the defences (downdrift) are starved of beach material due to it being trapped behind the terminal (last) groyne.

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The case study location will be identified e.g. Flamborough Head / Durdle Door / Old Harry Rocks.

Managed retreat (coastal realignment)

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