Geography Case Studies

All of our geography case studies in one place

Coastal Erosion

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The Holderness Coast

The Dorset Coast

Withernsea

Hornsea

Happisburgh

Mappleton

Coastal Management

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The Holderness Coast

Hornsea

Withernsea

Happisburgh

Sandscaping at Bacton, Norfolk

Mappleton

Lyme Regis

Coastal Realignment
Donna Nook

Coastal Realignment
Medmerry

Coastal Deposition

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Spurn Point

Blakeney Point Spit

Earthquakes

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Amatrice Earthquake Case Study

Chile Earthquake 2010

Christchurch Earthquake

Haiti Earthquake

Japan Earthquake 2011

L’Aquila Earthquake

Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018

Nepal Earthquake 2015

Sulawesi, Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami 2018

Taiwan (Hualien) Earthquake 2024

Turkey-Syria Earthquake 2023

New Zealand 2016

Ecosystems

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Malaysia
Causes of Deforestation

Malaysia
Impacts of Deforestation

Alaska Case Study

Epping Forest Case Study

Sahara Desert Case Study

Svalbard Case Study

Thar Desert Case Study

Western Desert Case Study

Energy Resources

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Chambamontera Micro-hydro Scheme

Extreme Weather in the UK

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Beast from the East Case Study

Storm Ciera Case Study

Food Resources

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Almería, Spain: a large-scale agricultural development

The Indus Basin Irrigation System: a large-scale agricultural development

Sustainable food supplies in a LIC – Bangladesh

Sustainable food supplies in a LIC – Makueni, Kenya

Rivers

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Landforms on the River Tees

Landforms on the River Severn

Indus River Basin (CIE)

River Flooding

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Jubilee River Flood Management Scheme

Banbury Flood Management Scheme

Boscastle Floods

Kerala Flood 2018

Wainfleet Floods 2019

The Somerset Levels Flood Case Study

UK Floods Case Study November 2019

River Management

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The Three Gorges Dam

Mekong River

The Changing Economic World

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How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Jamaica Case Study

How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Tunisia Case Study

India Case Study of Development

Nigeria – A NEE

Torr Quarry

Nissan Sunderland

The London Sustainable Industries Park (London SIP)

Tropical Storms

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Beast from the East

Hurricane Andrew

Cyclone Eline

Cyclone Idai Case Study

Typhoon Haiyan 2013

Hurricane Irma 2017

Typhoon Jebi 2018

Hurricane Florence 2018

Typhoon Mangkhut 2018

Tsunami

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Japan Earthquake 2011

Urban Issues

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Birmingham – Edexcel B

Urban Growth in Brazil – Rio de Janeiro

Urban Growth in India – Mumbai

Urban Growth in Nigeria – Lagos

London – A Case Study of a UK City

Manchester – A Case Study of a UK City

Inner City Redevelopment – London Docklands

Sustainable Urban Living – Freiburg

Sustainable Urban Living – East Village

Sustainable Urban Transport Bristol Case Study

Bristol – A major UK city

Volcanic Eruptions

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Eyjafjallajokull – 2010

Mount Merapi – 2010

Mount Pinatubo – 1991

Sakurajima Case Study

Nyiragongo Case Study

Water Resources

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Hitosa, Ethiopia – A local water supply scheme in an LIC

The South-North Water Transfer Project, China

Wakal River Basin Project

Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme

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} ls-scene-wrapper { width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; display: block !important; position: relative !important; --ls-progress: min(var(--ls-duration), var(--ls-stickduration, var(--ls-duration))); } ls-scene-wrapper:not(.ls-layout-fixedsize) { --ls-ratio-base: calc(100% / var(--ls-ratio, 999999999)); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-layout-fixedsize { --ls-ratio-base: var(--ls-height); } ls-scene-wrapper { --ls-offset-full: calc(100vh - var(--ls-ratio-base)); --ls-offset-half: calc(var(--ls-offset-full) / 2); --ls-p-minus-50: calc(var(--ls-progress) - 50vh); --ls-p-minus-100: calc(var(--ls-progress) - 100vh); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-center.ls-playfrom-stick:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-progress); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-center.ls-playfrom-top:after { --ls-padding: calc(var(--ls-progress) + var(--ls-offset-half)); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-center.ls-playfrom-center:after { --ls-padding: calc(var(--ls-p-minus-50) + var(--ls-offset-half)); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-center.ls-playfrom-bottom:after { --ls-padding: calc(var(--ls-p-minus-100) + var(--ls-offset-half)); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-top.ls-playfrom-stick:after, ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-top.ls-playfrom-top:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-progress); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-top.ls-playfrom-center:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-p-minus-50); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-top.ls-playfrom-bottom:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-p-minus-100); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-bottom.ls-playfrom-stick:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-progress); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-bottom.ls-playfrom-top:after { --ls-padding: calc(var(--ls-progress) + var(--ls-offset-full)); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-bottom.ls-playfrom-center:after { --ls-padding: calc(var(--ls-p-minus-50) + var(--ls-offset-full)); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-stickto-bottom.ls-playfrom-bottom:after { --ls-padding: calc(var(--ls-p-minus-100) + var(--ls-offset-full)); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-playfrom-stick.ls-layout-fullsize:after, ls-scene-wrapper.ls-playfrom-top.ls-layout-fullsize:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-progress); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-playfrom-center.ls-layout-fullsize:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-p-minus-50); } ls-scene-wrapper.ls-playfrom-bottom.ls-layout-fullsize:after { --ls-padding: var(--ls-p-minus-100); } ls-scene-wrapper:after { content: ""; display: block; width: 100%; padding-bottom: var(--ls-padding, 0px); } ls-scene-wrapper .ls-container { position: sticky !important; top: 0; } ls-silent-wrapper { width: 100vw; height: 100vh; z-index: -1 !important; visibility: hidden !important; opacity: 0 !important; pointer-events: none !important; position: fixed !important; left: -200vw; top: -200vh; } ls-scene-wrapper[data-disabled-scene] { height: auto !important; } ls-scene-wrapper[data-disabled-scene]:after { display: none !important; } .ls-slide-bgcolor, .ls-slide-backgrounds, .ls-slide-effects, .ls-background-videos, .ls-bg-video-overlay { -o-transform: translateZ(0); -ms-transform: translateZ(0); -moz-transform: translateZ(0); -webkit-transform: translateZ(0); transform: translateZ(0); } .ls-layers, .ls-slide-bgcolor, .ls-slide-backgrounds, .ls-slide-effects, .ls-background-videos, .ls-bg-video-overlay { width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; overflow: hidden; } .ls-text-layer .ls-ch .ls-grad-bg-overflow { display: block; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: -1; } .ls-wrapper { padding: 0 !important; visibility: visible !important; border: 0 !important; z-index: 1; } .ls-wrapper.ls-fix-textnodes .ls-ln, .ls-wrapper.ls-fix-textnodes .ls-wd, .ls-wrapper.ls-fix-textnodes .ls-ch { position: static !important; transform: none !important; } .ls-wrapper .ls-ln { white-space: nowrap; } .ls-layer.ls-has-chars .ls-wd { position: static !important; } .ls-layer.ls-has-chars .ls-ch { position: relative !important; } .ls-layer.ls-has-words .ls-wd { position: relative !important; } .ls-layer.ls-has-lines .ls-ln { position: relative !important; } .ls-layer .ls-ch, .ls-layer .ls-wd, .ls-layer .ls-ln { text-decoration: inherit; } .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in][data-ls-mask-text-in] .ls-ch, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in][data-ls-mask-text-in] .ls-wd, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in][data-ls-mask-text-in] .ls-ln, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out][data-ls-mask-text-out] .ls-ch, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out][data-ls-mask-text-out] .ls-wd, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out][data-ls-mask-text-out] .ls-ln { clip-path: polygon(0 0, 100% 0, 100% 100%, 0 100%); } .ls-textnode-dummy { display: inline-block !important; visibility: hidden !important; pointer-events: none !important; } .ls-textnode-bgclip-wrap { left: 0; top: 0; position: absolute; background-clip: text; -webkit-background-clip: text; text-fill-color: transparent; -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent; text-align: left !important; pointer-events: none !important; } .ls-textnode { color: transparent; text-fill-color: transparent; -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent; } .ls-wrapper.ls-force-display-block { display: block !important; } .ls-wrapper.ls-force-visibility-hidden { visibility: hidden !important; } .ls-wrapper.ls-force-left-0 { left: 0 !important; } .ls-wrapper.ls-force-width-auto { width: auto !important; } .ls-force-height-auto { height: auto !important; } .ls-wrapper.ls-force-full-size { width: 100% !important; height: 100% !important; } .ls-layer.ls-force-no-transform, .ls-wrapper.ls-force-no-transform { transform: none !important; } .ls-force-no-transform .ls-ln, .ls-force-no-transform .ls-wd, .ls-force-no-transform .ls-ch { transform: none !important; } .ls-background-videos { z-index: 1; } .ls-bg-video-overlay { z-index: 21; background-repeat: repeat; background-position: center center; } .ls-slide-backgrounds { z-index: 2; } .ls-slide-effects { z-index: 4; } .ls-slide-bgcolor { z-index: 1; } .ls-layers { z-index: 35; } .ls-z, .ls-parallax, .ls-in-out, .ls-scroll, .ls-scroll-transform, .ls-loop, .ls-clip { position: absolute !important; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; } .ls-clip, .ls-m-layers-clip { clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 100% 0%, 100% 100%, 0% 100%); } .ls-layers-clip { clip: rect(0px, var(--sw), var(--sh), 0px); } .ls-z { width: 100% !important; height: 100% !important; top: 0 !important; left: 0 !important; bottom: auto !important; right: auto !important; display: block !important; overflow: visible !important; pointer-events: none !important; } .ls-z.ls-wrapper.ls-pinned { position: fixed !important; } .ls-slide-backgrounds .ls-wrapper.ls-z { overflow: hidden !important; } .ls-inner-wrapper { pointer-events: auto; } .ls-inner-wrapper * { pointer-events: inherit; } .ls-in-out { display: none; } .ls-loop, .ls-clip { display: block !important; } .ls-parallax, .ls-in-out, .ls-scroll, .ls-scroll-transform, .ls-loop, .ls-z { background: none !important; } .ls-bg-wrap, .ls-loop { margin: 0 !important; } .ls-wrapper > .ls-layer, .ls-wrapper > a > .ls-layer .ls-wrapper > .ls-bg { line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal; margin-right: 0 !important; margin-bottom: 0 !important; } .ls-wrapper > .ls-layer, ls-liquify-wrapper > ls-layer, .ls-wrapper > a > .ls-layer { position: static !important; display: block !important; transform: translateZ(0); } .ls-bg-wrap, .ls-bg-outer { width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .ls-bg-wrap { display: none; } .ls-bg-outer { overflow: hidden !important; } .ls-wrapper > a.ls-layer-link, ls-liquify-wrapper > a.ls-layer-link { cursor: pointer !important; display: block !important; position: absolute !important; left: 0 !important; top: 0 !important; width: 100% !important; height: 100% !important; z-index: 10; -o-transform: translateZ(100px); -ms-transform: translateZ(100px); -moz-transform: translateZ(100px); -webkit-transform: translateZ(100px); transform: translateZ(100px); background: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7") !important; } .ls-l[data-prefix]:before, .ls-layer[data-prefix]:before { position: relative; display: inline-block; content: attr(data-prefix); } .ls-l[data-suffix]:after, .ls-layer[data-suffix]:after { position: relative; display: inline-block; content: attr(data-suffix); } .ls-l[data-prefix]:before, .ls-layer[data-prefix]:before, .ls-l[data-suffix]:after, .ls-layer[data-suffix]:after { color: var(--ls-affix-color, currentColor); transform: translateY(var(--ls-affix-va, 0em)); font-size: var(--ls-affix-fs, 1em); font-family: var(--ls-affix-ff, inherit); font-weight: var(--ls-affix-fw, inherit); } .ls-l[data-prefix]:before, .ls-layer[data-prefix]:before, .ls-l[data-suffix]:after, .ls-layer[data-suffix]:after { display: var(--ls-affix-nl, inline-block); } .ls-l[data-prefix].ls-affix-float:before, .ls-layer[data-prefix].ls-affix-float:before, .ls-l[data-suffix].ls-affix-float:after, .ls-layer[data-suffix].ls-affix-float:after { position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 50%; transform: translate(calc(-50% + var(--ls-affix-ha, 0em)), calc(-50% + var(--ls-affix-va, 0em))); } .ls-l[data-prefix]:before, .ls-layer[data-prefix]:before { margin-right: var(--ls-affix-ha, 0em); } .ls-l[data-suffix]:after, .ls-layer[data-suffix]:after { margin-left: var(--ls-affix-ha, 0em); } .ls-gui-element { z-index: 40; text-decoration: none !important; } .ls-loading-container { position: absolute !important; display: none; left: 50% !important; top: 50% !important; } .ls-loading-indicator { margin: 0 auto; } .ls-media-unmute { visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: 16px; top: 16px; width: 30px; height: 30px; cursor: pointer; opacity: .65; } .ls-media-unmute-active { visibility: visible; } .ls-media-unmute-bg { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; border-radius: 30px; border: 0 solid white; transform: scale(.1); background: rgba(0, 0, 0, .25); box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); } .ls-icon-muted, .ls-icon-unmuted { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; background-size: 20px; transform: scale(.1); } .ls-media-unmute-active .ls-media-unmute-bg { border: 2px solid white; } .ls-media-unmute-active .ls-icon-muted, .ls-media-unmute-active .ls-icon-unmuted, .ls-media-unmute-active .ls-media-unmute-bg { transform: scale(1) !important; } .ls-icon-muted { background-image: url("https://cdn-ilegfhd.nitrocdn.com/AGVjSsfBDzdDJuHGQkTwHHyCNgrEhqof/assets/images/optimized/rev-c16985c/www.internetgeography.net/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/img/icon-muted-white.png"); opacity: 1; } .ls-icon-muted.nitro-lazy { background-image: none !important; } .ls-icon-unmuted { background-image: url("https://cdn-ilegfhd.nitrocdn.com/AGVjSsfBDzdDJuHGQkTwHHyCNgrEhqof/assets/images/optimized/rev-c16985c/www.internetgeography.net/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/img/icon-unmuted-white.png"); opacity: 0; } .ls-icon-unmuted.nitro-lazy { background-image: none !important; } .ls-media-unmute:hover { opacity: 1; } .ls-media-unmute:hover .ls-icon-muted { opacity: 0; } .ls-media-unmute:hover .ls-icon-unmuted { opacity: 1; } .ls-media-unmute-bg, .ls-icon-unmuted, .ls-media-unmute, .ls-icon-muted { transition: all .3s ease-in-out !important; } .ls-bottom-slidebuttons { text-align: left; } .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper, .ls-below-thumbnails { height: 0; position: relative; text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; } .ls-below-thumbnails { display: none; } .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a, .ls-nav-prev, .ls-nav-next { outline: none; } .ls-bottom-slidebuttons { position: relative; } .ls-bottom-slidebuttons, .ls-nav-start, .ls-nav-stop, .ls-nav-sides { position: relative; } .ls-nothumb { text-align: center !important; } .ls-link, .ls-link:hover { position: absolute !important; width: 100% !important; height: 100% !important; left: 0 !important; top: 0 !important; } .ls-link { display: none; } .ls-link-on-top { z-index: 999999 !important; } .ls-link, .ls-wrapper > a > * { background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"); } .ls-link.nitro-lazy, .ls-wrapper > a > *.nitro-lazy { background-image: none !important; } .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper, .ls-thumbnail-wrapper, .ls-nav-prev, .ls-nav-next { visibility: hidden; } .ls-bar-timer { position: absolute; width: 0; height: 2px; background: white; border-bottom: 2px solid #555; opacity: .55; top: 0; } .ls-circle-timer { width: 16px; height: 16px; position: absolute; right: 10px; top: 10px; opacity: .65; display: none; } .ls-container .ls-circle-timer, .ls-container .ls-circle-timer * { box-sizing: border-box !important; } .ls-ct-half { border: 4px solid white; } .ls-ct-left, .ls-ct-right { width: 50%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; } .ls-ct-left, .ls-ct-right { position: absolute; } .ls-ct-left { left: 0; } .ls-ct-right { left: 50%; } .ls-ct-rotate { width: 200%; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; } .ls-ct-left .ls-ct-rotate, .ls-ct-right .ls-ct-hider, .ls-ct-right .ls-ct-half { left: 0; } .ls-ct-right .ls-ct-rotate, .ls-ct-left .ls-ct-hider, .ls-ct-left .ls-ct-half { right: 0; } .ls-ct-hider, .ls-ct-half { position: absolute; top: 0; } .ls-ct-hider { width: 50%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; } .ls-ct-half { width: 200%; height: 100%; } .ls-ct-center { width: 100%; height: 100%; left: 0; top: 0; position: absolute; border: 4px solid black; opacity: .2; } .ls-ct-half, .ls-ct-center { border-radius: 100px; -moz-border-radius: 100px; -webkit-border-radius: 100px; } .ls-slidebar-container { margin: 10px auto; } .ls-slidebar-container, .ls-slidebar { position: relative; } .ls-progressbar, .ls-slidebar-slider-container { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .ls-progressbar { width: 0; height: 100%; z-index: 1; } .ls-slidebar-slider-container { z-index: 2; } .ls-slidebar-slider { position: static !important; cursor: pointer; } .ls-slidebar { height: 10px; background-color: #ddd; } .ls-slidebar, .ls-progressbar { border-radius: 10px; } .ls-progressbar { background-color: #bbb; } .ls-slidebar-slider-container { top: 50%; } .ls-slidebar-slider { width: 20px; height: 20px; border-radius: 20px; background-color: #999; } .ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar { height: 8px; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; } .ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar, .ls-slidebar-light .ls-progressbar { border-radius: 10px; } .ls-slidebar-light .ls-progressbar { background-color: #eee; } .ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar-slider-container { top: 50%; } .ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar-slider { width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 20px; background-color: #eee; border: 1px solid #bbb; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 1px solid #999; } .ls-tn { display: none !important; } .ls-thumbnail-hover { display: none; position: absolute; left: 0; } .ls-thumbnail-hover-inner { width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; display: none; } .ls-thumbnail-hover-bg { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; left: 0; top: 0; } .ls-thumbnail-hover-img { position: absolute; overflow: hidden; } .ls-thumbnail-hover img { max-width: none !important; position: absolute; display: inline-block; visibility: visible !important; left: 50%; top: 0; } .ls-thumbnail-hover span { left: 50%; top: 100%; width: 0; height: 0; display: block; position: absolute; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; } .ls-thumbnail-wrapper { position: relative; width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; } .ls-thumbnail-wrapper.ls-thumbnail-fill a img { width: 100%; } .ls-thumbnail { position: relative; margin: 0 auto; } .ls-thumbnail-inner, .ls-thumbnail-slide-container { width: 100%; } .ls-thumbnail-slide-container { overflow: hidden !important; position: relative; } .ls-thumbnail-slide { text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; float: left; position: relative; } .ls-thumbnail-slide a { overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; width: 0; height: 0; position: relative; } .ls-thumbnail-slide img { max-width: none !important; max-height: 100% !important; height: 100%; visibility: visible !important; background-position: center !important; } .ls-touchscroll { overflow-x: auto !important; } .ls-shadow { display: none; position: absolute; z-index: 10 !important; top: 100%; width: 100%; left: 0; overflow: hidden !important; visibility: hidden; } .ls-shadow img { width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; position: absolute !important; left: 0 !important; bottom: 0 !important; } .ls-media-layer { overflow: hidden; } .ls-vpcontainer, .ls-videopreview { width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; cursor: pointer; } .ls-videopreview { background-size: cover; background-position: center center; } .ls-videopreview { z-index: 1; } .ls-playvideo { position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 50%; cursor: pointer; z-index: 2; } .ls-autoplay .ls-playvideo, .ls-instant-autoplay .ls-playvideo { display: none !important; } .ls-forcehide { display: none !important; } .ls-yourlogo { position: absolute; z-index: 50; } .ls-slide-transition-wrapper { width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 3; } .ls-slide-transition-wrapper, .ls-slide-transition-wrapper * { text-align: left !important; } .ls-slide-transition-tile { position: relative; float: left; } .ls-slide-transition-tile img { visibility: visible; margin: 0 !important; } .ls-curtiles { overflow: hidden; } .ls-curtiles, .ls-nexttiles { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; left: 0; top: 0; } .ls-curtile, .ls-nexttile { overflow: hidden; width: 100% !important; height: 100% !important; -o-transform: translateZ(0); -ms-transform: translateZ(0); -moz-transform: translateZ(0); -webkit-transform: translateZ(0); transform: translateZ(0); } .ls-nexttile { display: none; } .ls-3d-container { position: relative; overflow: visible !important; -ms-perspective: none !important; -moz-perspective: none !important; -webkit-perspective: none !important; perspective: none !important; } .ls-3d-box { position: absolute; } .ls-3d-box > div { overflow: hidden; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; background-color: #888; } .ls-3d-box .ls-3d-top, .ls-3d-box .ls-3d-bottom { background-color: #555; } .ls-slide-transition-wrapper, .ls-slide-transition-tile { -ms-perspective: 1500px; -moz-perspective: 1500px; -webkit-perspective: 1500px; perspective: 1500px; } .ls-slide-transition-tile, .ls-3d-box, .ls-curtiles, .ls-nexttiles { -ms-transform-style: preserve-3d; -moz-transform-style: preserve-3d; -webkit-transform-style: preserve-3d; transform-style: preserve-3d; } .ls-curtile, .ls-nexttile, .ls-3d-box { -ms-backface-visibility: hidden; -moz-backface-visibility: hidden; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; backface-visibility: hidden; } html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullsize:not(.ls-hidden), html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullwidth:not(.ls-hidden), html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-responsive:not(.ls-hidden), html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fixedsize:not(.ls-hidden), #ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullsize:not(.ls-hidden), #ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullwidth:not(.ls-hidden), #ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-responsive:not(.ls-hidden), #ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fixedsize:not(.ls-hidden) { max-width: 100%; } html body .ls-container.ls-hidden, #ls-global .ls-container.ls-hidden { width: 0px !important; height: 0px !important; position: absolute; left: -5000px; top: -5000px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden !important; visibility: hidden !important; display: block !important; } .ls-selectable { user-select: text; -ms-user-select: text; -moz-user-select: text; -webkit-user-select: text; } .ls-unselectable { user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; } .ls-visible { overflow: visible !important; clip: auto !important; clip-path: none !important; } .ls-unselectable { user-select: none; -o-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; } .ls-overflow-hidden { overflow: hidden; } .ls-overflowx-hidden { overflow-x: hidden; } html body .ls-overflow-visible, html#ls-global .ls-overflow-visible, body#ls-global .ls-overflow-visible, #ls-global .ls-overflow-visible, .ls-overflow-visible { overflow: visible !important; } .ls-overflowy-hidden { overflow-y: hidden; } .ls-slide { display: block !important; visibility: hidden !important; position: absolute !important; overflow: hidden; top: 0 !important; left: 0 !important; bottom: auto !important; right: auto !important; background: none; border: none !important; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; } .ls-slide > .ls-layer, .ls-slide > .ls-l, .ls-slide > .ls-bg, .ls-slide > a > .ls-layer, .ls-slide > a > .ls-l, .ls-slide > a > .ls-bg { position: absolute !important; white-space: nowrap; } .ls-fullscreen { margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; width: auto !important; height: auto !important; } .ls-fullscreen .ls-container { background-color: black; margin: 0 auto !important; } .ls-fullscreen .ls-fullscreen-wrapper { width: 100% !important; height: 100% !important; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; border: 0 !important; background-color: black; overflow: hidden !important; position: relative !important; } .ls-fullscreen .ls-fullscreen-wrapper .ls-container, .ls-fullscreen .ls-fullscreen-wrapper .ls-wp-container { position: absolute !important; top: 50% !important; left: 50% !important; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) !important; } .ls-layer .split-item { font-weight: inherit !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit; color: inherit; } html body .ls-container .ls-layer, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-layer, html body .ls-container .ls-l, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-l { border-width: 0; border-style: solid; border-color: #000; color: #000; font-size: 36px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-repeat: no-repeat; stroke: #000; text-align: left; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; opacity: 1; mix-blend-mode: unset; } .ls-container .ls-layer svg, .ls-container .ls-l svg { width: 1em; height: 1em; display: block; } .ls-container .ls-layer:not(.ls-html-layer), .ls-container .ls-l:not(.ls-html-layer) { stroke-width: 0; } .ls-container .ls-layer:not(.ls-html-layer) svg, .ls-container .ls-l:not(.ls-html-layer) svg { fill: currentColor; } .ls-container .ls-layer.ls-shape-layer svg, .ls-container .ls-layer.ls-svg-layer svg, .ls-container .ls-l.ls-shape-layer svg, .ls-container .ls-l.ls-svg-layer svg { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .ls-container .ls-layer.ls-icon-layer .fa, .ls-container .ls-l.ls-icon-layer .fa { display: block; line-height: inherit; } .ls-container .ls-layer.ls-ib-icon svg, .ls-container .ls-l.ls-ib-icon svg, .ls-container .ls-layer.ls-ib-icon .fa, .ls-container .ls-l.ls-ib-icon .fa { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } .ls-container .ls-layer.ls-html-layer svg, .ls-container .ls-l.ls-html-layer svg { display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; } .ls-container .ls-button-layer { cursor: pointer; } .ls-container:not(.ls-hidden) .ls-wrapper:not(.ls-force-display-block) picture.ls-layer img, .ls-container:not(.ls-hidden) .ls-wrapper:not(.ls-force-display-block) picture.ls-l img { width: inherit !important; height: inherit !important; } .ls-container.ls-hidden picture { display: flex !important; } .ls-container.ls-hidden picture.ls-layer img, .ls-container.ls-hidden picture.ls-l img { width: auto; height: auto; } .ls-container .ls-lottie-layer canvas { width: 100% !important; height: 100% !important; display: block; } .ls-l[data-ls-smart-bg], .ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg], ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg] { overflow: hidden !important; background-size: 0 0 !important; } .ls-l[data-ls-smart-bg]:before, .ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg]:before, ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg]:before { content: ""; display: block; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; width: var(--sw); height: var(--sh); transform: translate(calc(var(--x, 0px) + var(--lx, 0px) + var(--rx, 0px)), calc(var(--y, 0px) + var(--ly, 0px) + var(--ry, 0px))); background-image: inherit; background-size: var(--bgs, inherit); background-position: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; } html body .ls-nav-prev, #ls-global .ls-nav-prev, html body .ls-nav-next, #ls-global .ls-nav-next, html body .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a, #ls-global .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a, html body .ls-container .ls-fullscreen, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-fullscreen, html body .ls-thumbnail a, #ls-global .ls-thumbnail a { transition: none; -ms-transition: none; -webkit-transition: none; line-height: normal; outline: none; padding: 0; border: 0; } html body .ls-wrapper > a, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > a, html body .ls-wrapper > p, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > p, html body .ls-wrapper > h1, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > h1, html body .ls-wrapper > h2, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > h2, html body .ls-wrapper > h3, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > h3, html body .ls-wrapper > h4, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > h4, html body .ls-wrapper > h5, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > h5, html body .ls-wrapper > img, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > img, html body .ls-wrapper > div, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > div, html body .ls-wrapper > span, #ls-global .ls-wrapper > span, html body .ls-wrapper .ls-bg, #ls-global .ls-wrapper .ls-bg, html body .ls-wrapper .ls-layer, #ls-global .ls-wrapper .ls-layer, html body .ls-slide .ls-layer, #ls-global .ls-slide .ls-layer, html body .ls-slide a .ls-layer, #ls-global .ls-slide a .ls-layer { transition: none; -ms-transition: none; -webkit-transition: none; line-height: normal; outline: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; border-width: 0; } html body .ls-container img, #ls-global .ls-container img { transition: none; -ms-transition: none; -webkit-transition: none; line-height: normal; outline: none; background: none; min-width: 0; max-width: none; border-radius: 0; box-shadow: none; border-width: 0; padding: 0; } html body .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a > *, #ls-global .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a > * { margin: 0; } html body .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a, #ls-global .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a { text-decoration: none; } .ls-wp-fullwidth-container, .ls-wp-fullwidth-helper, .ls-gui-element *, .ls-gui-element, .ls-container, .ls-slide > *, .ls-slide, .ls-wrapper, .ls-layer { box-sizing: content-box !important; } html body .ls-yourlogo, #ls-global .ls-yourlogo { margin: 0; } html body .ls-tn, #ls-global .ls-tn { display: none; } .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper, .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper span, .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a { line-height: 0; font-size: 0; } html body .ls-container video, #ls-global .ls-container video { max-width: none !important; object-fit: cover !important; } html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container, #ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container, html body .ls-fullscreen-wrapper, #ls-global .ls-fullscreen-wrapper { max-width: none; } html body .ls-container, #ls-global .ls-container, html body .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper, html body .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper *, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper *, html body .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper, html body .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper *, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper *, html body .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper span *, #ls-global .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper span *, html body .ls-direction-fix, #ls-global .ls-direction-fix { direction: ltr !important; } html body .ls-container, #ls-global .ls-container { float: none !important; } .ls-slider-notification { position: relative; margin: 10px auto; padding: 10px 10px 15px 88px; border-radius: 5px; min-height: 60px; background: #de4528; color: white !important; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, sans-serif !important; } .ls-slider-notification a { color: white !important; text-decoration: underline !important; } .ls-slider-notification-logo { position: absolute; top: 16px; left: 17px; width: 56px; height: 56px; font-size: 49px; line-height: 53px; border-radius: 56px; background-color: white; color: #de4528; font-style: normal; font-weight: 800; text-align: center; } .ls-slider-notification strong { color: white !important; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: normal !important; } .ls-slider-notification span { display: block; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify !important; } @media screen and (max-width:767px) { .ls-container .ls-layers > .ls-hide-on-phone, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-phone video, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-phone audio, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-phone iframe { display: none !important; } } @media screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px) { .ls-container .ls-layers > .ls-hide-on-tablet, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-tablet video, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-tablet audio, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-tablet iframe { display: none !important; } } @media screen and (min-width:1025px) { .ls-container .ls-layers > .ls-hide-on-desktop, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-desktop video, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-desktop audio, .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-desktop iframe { display: none !important; } } .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-vpcontainer { z-index: 10; } .ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-videopreview { background-size: cover !important; } .ls-container .ls-background-videos video, .ls-container .ls-background-videos audio, .ls-container .ls-background-videos iframe { position: relative; z-index: 20; } @media (transform-3d),(-ms-transform-3d),(-webkit-transform-3d) { #ls-test3d { position: absolute; left: 9px; height: 3px; } } .ls-z[data-ls-animating-in] .ls-wrapper.ls-in-out, .ls-z[data-ls-animating-out] .ls-wrapper.ls-in-out, .ls-curtile, .ls-nexttile { will-change: transform; } .ls-z[data-ls-animating-in] .ls-layer, .ls-z[data-ls-animating-out] .ls-layer, .ls-curtile, .ls-nexttile { will-change: opacity; } .ls-layer[data-ls-animating-in], .ls-layer[data-ls-animating-out] { will-change: filter; } .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in] .ls-ln, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in] .ls-wd, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in] .ls-ch, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out] .ls-ln, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out] .ls-wd, .ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out] .ls-ch { will-change: transform; } .ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]), .ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-loop, .ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-parallax, .ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-scroll-transform, .ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-scroll { will-change: transform; } .wpgs-for .slick-arrow::before, .wpgs-nav .slick-prev::before, .wpgs-nav .slick-next::before { color: #000; } .fancybox-bg { background-color: rgba(10, 0, 0, .75); } .fancybox-caption, .fancybox-infobar { color: #fff; } .wpgs-nav .slick-slide { border-color: transparent; } .wpgs-nav .slick-current { border-color: #000; } .wpgs-video-wrapper { min-height: 500px; } #top .avia-font-entypo-fontello-enfold, body .avia-font-entypo-fontello-enfold, html body [data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello-enfold']:before { font-family: "entypo-fontello-enfold"; } #top .avia-font-entypo-fontello, body .avia-font-entypo-fontello, html body [data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello']:before { font-family: "entypo-fontello"; }