Why are some countries more vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones?

Tropical cyclones can affect countries in very different ways. While some nations recover quickly, others suffer long-lasting damage to lives, property, and livelihoods. The vulnerability of a country depends on a combination of physical, economic, social, and political factors.

Physical factors

Coastal location and low-lying land

Countries with long coastlines and low-lying coastal plains are more exposed to storm surges and flooding. For example, much of Bangladesh is less than 10 metres above sea level, increasing flood risk when cyclones make landfall.

Intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones

Countries in cyclone-prone areas, such as the Philippines and the Caribbean, experience frequent storms. Repeated exposure makes recovery difficult and can trap communities in a cycle of vulnerability.

Quality of forecasting and warning systems

Some countries lack the technology or funding for accurate weather forecasting and early warning systems. Without timely alerts, people may not evacuate in time, increasing casualties.

Economic factors

Wealth and level of development

Low-income countries (LICs) often have poorly built homes, weak infrastructure, and limited emergency services. High-income countries (HICs), such as Japan or the USA, can invest in sea walls, evacuation plans, and emergency response teams that reduce risk.

Infrastructure and technology

Wealthier nations usually have better roads, power networks, and communication systems. In poorer countries, blocked roads or power failures can delay the delivery of aid and medical support.

Insurance and financial support

Many people in LICs cannot afford insurance, so when homes and businesses are destroyed, recovery is slow. In HICs, insurance payouts and government assistance help people rebuild more quickly.

Social and political factors

Population density and housing

In rapidly growing cities in LICs, many people live in informal settlements on floodplains or coastal land. Poor housing offers little protection against strong winds or flooding.

Government preparedness and response

Effective governments can plan evacuations, build cyclone shelters, and coordinate international aid. Weak governance, corruption, or conflict can increase vulnerability by slowing down response and recovery.

Education and awareness

Public understanding of cyclone risks and safety measures reduces vulnerability. In some poorer areas, people may not trust or understand warnings, leading to higher casualties.

Case study examples

Bangladesh (LIC)

Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable due to its low-lying land, high population density, and poverty. However, improved warning systems, community shelters, and education programmes have significantly reduced deaths from cyclones like Sidr (2007) and Amphan (2020).

United States (HIC)

The USA faces powerful hurricanes such as Katrina (2005) and Ian (2022). Despite its wealth and technology, social inequality means poorer communities are still more vulnerable due to limited access to transport, insurance, and emergency housing.