What caused the Beast from the East?

Under normal circumstances, winters in the UK are mild compared to some places on the same latitude. This is because of the jet stream, a warm air mass that travels across the Atlantic Ocean from Mexico to the UK. However, a meteorological event called stratospheric warming disturbed the jet stream – allowing cold winds from Russia to travel as far as Great Britain. At this time of year, there is normally a polar vortex – a large mass of cold air – in the upper atmosphere, also known as the stratosphere. This vortex is what causes air to usually move from west to east. However, there was a huge rise in air temperature of around 50C in an area around 18 miles above the Earth in the North Pole. Sudden stratospheric warming caused a weakening of the jet stream. This led to a change in direction of the winds approaching the UK from west to east to east to west, allowing a cold air mass (polar continental air mass) from Russia to cover The UK.

Air masses affecting the UK – source: Met Office

When the air left Siberia, Russia, it was around -50°C. By the time it reached the UK it was just below freezing, though this was still cold for the time of year. The air mass picked up water over the North Sea which resulted in heavy snowfall when it reached The UK.

The Beast from the East meets Storm Emma

Storm Emma was a weather system which originated from the Azores and travelled north to the UK. On 1st March 2018, the weather front brought blizzards, gales and sleet as it hit the cold air brought down by the Beast from the East. The Met Office issued a series of red warnings for southern England. Without the cold air, and if there were normal or average UK temperatures, Storm Emma would instead have caused wet and windy conditions.

Primary impacts of the Beast from the East

• 10 people died
• Up to 50cms of snow fell on high ground
• Rural (countryside) areas experienced temperature lows of up to -12°C

Secondary impacts of the Beast from the East

• Hundreds of schools were forced to close
• Thousands of schools were closed across the UK, including more than 125 in North Yorkshire and more than 330 across Kent, and hospital operations were cancelled.
• Many rail services were cancelled.
• British Airways cancelled hundreds of short-haul flights from Heathrow, and London City Airport also cancelled many services.
• The National Grid issued a ‘gas deficit warning’ prompting fears of a shortage, but households were reassured domestic supplies would not be affected.
• Nearly all train operators warned of cancellations and disruption and hundreds of flights were cancelled.
• Hundreds of motorists on the M80 near Glasgow reported being stuck for up to 13 hours, with some spending the night in their cars, and others abandoning their vehicles. Around 1,000 vehicles were at a standstill, tailing back eight miles in both directions.
• There was a shortage of food in some supermarkets
• Drifting snow led to the isolation of a number of villages

Response

• Red weather warnings were issued covering parts of Scotland, Devon, Somerset and South Wales and prompted Devon and Cornwall police to declare a major incident. The red weather warming was just the third in seven years.
• Flood warnings were issued by the Environment Agency for parts of Cornwall’s south coast. Residents were told to expect tides to be around 400mm
• The Royal Air Force was drafted in to help relief efforts in snow-hit Lincolnshire.  Ten RAF vehicles and their crews transported doctors and stranded patients after local police admitted they were struggling to cope.
• High on the Pennines on the M62, the military was called in to help rescue vehicles.
• In Edinburgh, soldiers were deployed to help transport about 200 NHS clinical and support staff to and from the Western General Hospital and Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.