Physical Processes and Upland and Lowland Landscapes in the UK
Edexcel B GCSE Geography > The UK’s Evolving Physical Landscape > Physical Processes and Upland and Lowland Landscapes in the UK
In the UK, the contrast between rugged uplands and gently sloping lowlands is easy to spot. These differences in landscape are not just about geology – they’re also shaped by weathering, climate, glaciation, river action, and slope processes working over time.
Let’s explore how these physical processes interact to create the UK’s varied physical geography.
Upland areas such as the Scottish Highlands, Snowdonia, and the Lake District are typically found in the north and west of the UK. These landscapes are steep, rocky, and dramatic. But why?
Lowland areas like the Fens, the Thames Valley, and the South Downs are usually found in the south and east. These areas are lower, flatter, and often more fertile.
Feature | Upland Areas | Lowland Areas |
---|---|---|
Geology | Hard, resistant rocks (e.g. granite, slate) | Softer sedimentary rocks (e.g. clay, chalk) |
Weathering | Freeze–thaw, mechanical | Chemical and biological |
Glacial impact | Strong – glacial erosion and landforms | Limited – mainly deposition |
River action | Less significant (short, fast rivers) | Major role in shaping wide valleys |
Slope processes | Rockfalls, soil creep on steep slopes | Slumping on clay slopes |
Climate influence | Cold, wet conditions enhance freeze–thaw | Milder, wetter climate encourages chemical weathering |