A sand dune is a small ridge or hill of sand found at the top of a beach, above the reach of the waves.

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Onshore winds (winds blowing inland from the sea) cause the formation of sand dunes at the back of a beach. Sand is deposited by the wind around an object such as a rock, forming embryo dunes. Over time, vegetation such as marram grass stabilises the sand dunes forming foredunes. As the vegetation around the foredunes decomposes nutrients are released and soil begins to form. A wider range of plants are then able to colonise the dunes.

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A bar is a ridge of sand or single that joins two headlands either side of a bay.

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A sandy beach is usually formed in a sheltered bays, where low energy, constructive waves transport material onto the shore.

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The beach is the area between the lowest spring tide level and the point reached by the storm waves in the highest tides.

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