Examples include:

• it can reduce habitat diversity when hillsides are covered in tree
• it can lead to acidity in the soil
• the loss of farmland

Find out more about soft engineering.

The gradient of the long profile becomes more concave as vertical erosion reduces.

Find out more about the long profile of a river.

Where the river flows into a sea or ocean it’s velocity is reduced leading to deposition. 

Find out more about river deposition.

A waterfall is a step in the long profile of the valley. It is where water falls down the vertical drop in the channel usually from a considerable height.

Find out more about the landforms of erosion in the upper course of a river.

In the upper course, the channel is very narrow and very shallow. By the middle course, the channel becomes wider and deeper usually over 1 m. By the lower course, the channel becomes wider still and the channel is much deeper.

Find out more about the cross profile of a river.