The transportation of dissolved chemicals. This varies along the river depending on the presence of soluble rocks.

Find out more about how rivers transport material.

A valley cross-profile includes the channel, the valley floor and the sides of the valley.

Find out more about the cross profile of a river.

Waterfalls and gorges are typically found in the upper course of the river.

Find out more about the landforms of erosion in the upper course of a river.

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed.

Find out more about how rivers transport material.

Building a new housing estate on the floodplain increases the risk of flooding because the surface becomes impermeable due to the construction of houses, tarmac roads and concrete pavements. Surface run-off increases leading to a rapid increase in a river’s discharge.

Find out more about human and physical causes of flooding.