Hard engineering involves building artificial structures which try to control natural processes.

Find out more about hard engineering at the coast.

Constructive wave

Find out more about constructive waves.

A bay is an inlet of the sea where the land curves inwards.

Find out more about bays.

Ridges are areas of the beach that are raised. The dips are water-filled troughs called runnels.

Ridge and runnels on Harlech beach, North Wales.

Find out more about landforms of coastal deposition.

Longshore drift

Find out more about longshore drift.