Examples include:

• it can reduce habitat diversity when hillsides are covered in tree
• it can lead to acidity in the soil
• the loss of farmland

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Examples include:

• restricts economic development as certain land uses are prohibited
• if land cannot be used for building the current housing shortage will continue
• through building elsewhere habitats may be lost
• it is very difficult to implement retrospectively where urban development has already taken place on the floodplain.

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Examples include:

• flood warnings
• flood plain zoning
• planting trees
• river restoration

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Examples include:

• low-cost solution
• reduces additional impermeable surface coverage of the floodplain
• protects and conserves water meadows for wildlife and recreation
• reduces insurance costs when property is flooded

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Soft engineering involves working with nature and adapting to a river and learning to live with it.

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